Title: Crystallization, Rheological, and Induction Heating Properties of PEKK Nanocomposites

Authors: Chris Croshaw, Charles Davis, Lina Ghanbari, Jaspreet Pandher, Jeffrey Wiggins

DOI: 10.33599/nasampe/s.22.0680

Abstract: Thermoplastic composites (TPC) are emerging as promising materials to enable high-rate composites aircraft manufacturing for urban air mobility and next generation single aisle commercial aircraft. TPCs offer high toughness, potential for rapid cycle times, and can be joined into fastener-free assemblies. One promising joining method, induction welding, uses electromagnetic fields to induce heating in TPC laminates stemming from electrically conductive carbon fibers. However, current induction welding heats up the entire laminates during joining, requiring heat sinks and complicated thermal management that increases cycle time and leads to complex crystallization behavior that varies throughout the laminate thickness. Herein, electrically conductive poly (ether ketone ketone) (PEKK)/ graphene nanocomposites are evaluated for their potential as susceptors for rapid heating. Induction heating experiments on PEKK/graphene are performed at 288 KHz and PEKK/graphene heating rates are analyzed using a thermal imaging camera. The influence of graphene on PEKK crystallization, melt viscosity, and thermomechanical properties are reported.

References: AM Industry Day, 2020. [3] T. J. Ahmed, D. Stavrov, H. E. N. Bersee, and A. Beukers, “Induction welding of thermoplastic composites-an overview,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1638–1651, 2006. [4] T. Bayerl, M. Duhovic, P. Mitschang, and D. Bhattacharyya, “The heating of polymer composites by electromagnetic induction - A review,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 57, no. 2014, pp. 27–40, 2014. [5] D. Barazanchy and M. van Tooren, “Heating mechanisms in induction welding of thermoplastic composites,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 2021. [6] A. M. Gohn, J. Seo, R. H. Colby, R. P. Schaake, R. Androsch, and A. M. Rhoades, “Crystal nucleation in poly(ether ether ketone)/carbon nanotube nanocomposites at high and low supercooling of the melt,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 199, no. April, pp. 1–8, 2020. [7] K. C. H. Gardner, B. S. Hsiao, R. R. Matheson, and B. A. Wood, “Structure, crystallization and morphology of poly (aryl ether ketone ketone),” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2483–2495, 1992. [8] K. C. H. Gardner, B. S. Hsiao, and K. L. Faron, “Polymorphism in poly(aryl ether ketone)s,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2290–2295, 1994. [9] B. S. Hsiao, I. Y. Chang, and B. B. Sauer, “Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ketone ketone) and its carbon-fibre-reinforced composites,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 2799–2805, 1991. [10] T. Choupin, B. Fayolle, G. Régnier, C. Paris, J. Cinquin, and B. Brulé, “A more reliable DSC-based methodology to study crystallization kinetics: Application to poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) copolymers,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 155, pp. 109–115, 2018. [11] E. Zhuravlev, A. Wurm, P. Pötschke, R. Androsch, J. W. P. Schmelzer, and C. Schick, “Kinetics of nucleation and crystallization of poly(ε-caprolactone) - Multiwalled carbon nanotube composites,” Eur. Polym. J., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2014. [12] J. Wang et al., “Enhancing the electrical conductivity of PP/CNT nanocomposites through crystal-induced volume exclusion effect with a slow cooling rate,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 183, no. September 2019, 2020. [13] A. Vashisth, S. T. Upama, M. Anas, J. Oh, N. Patil, and J. Micah, “Radio Frequency Heating and Material Processing Using Carbon Susceptors.” [14] C. B. Sweeney et al., “Radio Frequency Heating of Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 32, pp. 27252–27259, 2018. [15] D. Debnath, X. Zhao, M. Anas, D. L. Kulhanek, J. H. Oh, and M. J. Green, “Radio frequency heating and reduction of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide - Polyvinyl Alcohol Composites,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 169, pp. 475–481, 2020. [16] G. B. Tezel, A. Sarmah, S. Desai, A. Vashisth, and M. J. Green, “Kinetics of carbon nanotube-loaded epoxy curing: Rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and radio frequency heating,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 175, pp. 1–10, 2021.

Conference: SAMPE 2022

Publication Date: 2022/05/23

SKU: TP22-0000000680

Pages: 9

Price: $18.00