Title: Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Mono-Grafted Thermoplastic-Thermoset Hybrid Composite Structures

Authors: Saurabh Vaidya, Michel J. L. van Tooren, Igor Luzinov, Wout De Backer

DOI: 10.33599/nasampe/s.22.0840

Abstract: Thermoplastics (TP) and Thermosets (TS) both offer unique advantages over one another. It could be advantageous to have zones of TP and zones of TS composite in a single structural element. Co-curing TP to TS is challenging and the current methods employed obstruct from achieving the complete potential of these materials. This research aims to consolidate TP and TS (epoxy) based carbon fiber composites in a single structural element by grafting the TP surface with Poly (Glycidyl Methacrylate) (PGMA) which acts as a surface activator/intermediator and facilitates a reliable TP-TS joint. This would also, in turn, enable fusion bonding-based assembly of such structures. For successful application of this concept in aerospace structures, these hybrid bonds must have reliable and predictable bond strength and fracture toughness. An experimental investigation into the plasma and polymer treated “mono-graft co-cured” hybrid laminate is summarized, and the results establish criteria for minimum fracture toughness required. Additionally, the results of the preliminary Interlaminar fracture toughness achieved are summarized and the bond quality is analyzed with digital microscopy. Presented are the preliminary results and potential solutions to develop a TP-Epoxy “mono-graft co-cured” laminate.

References: 1. Soutis, C., “Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction”, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, vol. 41, no. 2. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 143–151, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2005.02.004. 2. Froes, F. H., “Aerospace Materials for the Twenty-First Century.”, Materials & Design, Vol. 10, Issue 3, May–June 1989, pp. 110-120, DOI: 10.1016/S0261-3069(89)80026-3 3. Favaloro, M., “A Comparison of the Environmental Attributes of Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Composites.”, Ticona Engineering Polymers 4. Marsh, G. “Airbus takes on Boeing with reinforced plastic A350 XWB,” Reinforced Plastics, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 26–29, Dec. 2007, DOI: 10.1016/S0034-3617(07)70383-1. 5. Airbus, 2017 “Composites: Airbus continues to shape the future”, last accessed 06 November 2021. <https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/news/en/2017/08/composites--airbus-continues-to-shape-the-future.html>. 6. Ginger, G., “Certification of bonded composite primary structures”, Composites World, last accessed 06 November 2021. https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/certification-of-bonded-composite-primary-structures. 7. Thoppul, S. D., Finegan, J., & Gibson, R. F., “Mechanics of mechanically fastened joints in polymer-matrix composite structures - A review”, Composites Science and Technology, vol. 69, no. 3–4. Elsevier, pp. 301–329, Mar. 01, 2009, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.037. 8. Demir, T., Luzinov, I. & van Tooren, M. L. J., “Interfacial Engineering of Hybrid Pekk-Epoxy Composite Structures.”, CAMX Conference Proceedings, Dallas, TX, October 27-29, 2015. CAMX – The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo CD-ROM—7 pp. 9. Abouhamzeh, M., and Sinke, J., “Effects of fusion bonding on the thermoset composite,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 118, pp. 142–149, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.12.031. 10. Vaidya, S., De Backer, W. & van Tooren, M. L. J., “Lap Shear Performance of Grafting Based Thermoplastic-Thermoset Bonds for Aerospace Structures.”, CAMX Conference Proceedings, Dallas, TX, October 18-21, 2021. CAMX – The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo CD-ROM—7 pp. 11. Wool, R. P., “Polymer Interfaces: Structure and Strength”, Hunser/Gardner, 1995. 12. Koberstein, J., “Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces”, MRS Bulletin, vol. 21(1), pp. 16-18, 1996, doi:10.1557/S0883769400035089 13. Borodinov, N., et al., “En Route to Practicality of the Polymer Grafting Technology: One-Step Interfacial Modification with Amphiphilic Molecular Brushes,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 16, pp. 13941–13952, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b19815. 14. Norton, L. J., et al., “Effect of End-Anchored Chains on the Adhesion at a Thermoset-Thermoplastic Interface”, Macromolecules, Vol. 28 (6), pp. 1999-2008, 1995. 15. Zdyrko, B., and Luzinov, I., “Polymer brushes by the ‘grafting to’ method”, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol. 32, no. 12. pp. 859–869, Jun. 16, 2011, doi: 10.1002/marc.201100162. 16. Zhao, B., and Brittain, W. J., “Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules.” Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 25, Issue 5, pp. 677-710, June 2000 17. Creton, C., Brown, H. R., and Shull1, K. R., “Molecular Weight Effects in Chain Pullout”, Macromolecules, Vol. 27, pp. 3174-3183, 1994. 18. Toray Advanced Composites. “Toray Cetex ® TC1320 PEKK Product Data Sheet,” 2019. last accessed 15 Jan 2022. <https://www.toraytac.com/product-explorer/products/yljT/Toray-Cetex-TC1320> 19. Toray Advanced Composites. “Toray TC380.” Product Data Sheet,” 2019. last accessed 15 Jan 2022. <https://www.toraytac.com/product-explorer/products/sbY3/ TC380> 20. Kusano, Y., “Atmospheric pressure plasma processing for polymer adhesion: A review”, Journal of Adhesion, vol. 90, no. 9. Taylor and Francis Inc., pp. 755–777, Sep. 02, 2014, Doi: 10.1080/00218464.2013.804407. 21. ASTM D5528-01, 2005, “Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, Doi: 10.1520/D5528_D5528M-21, www.astm.org. 22. Vaidya, S., ""Grafting Based Thermoplastic-Thermoset Bonding for Aerospace Structures"", Master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 2021.

Conference: SAMPE 2022

Publication Date: 2022/05/23

SKU: TP22-0000000840

Pages: 15

Price: $30.00